成锡忠：应对内部冲突应遵循《联合国宪章》基本原则

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发布时间：2018年10月22日　来源：　作者：成锡忠　阅读：386次

编者按：2018年10月22-23日，高级研究员成锡忠代表察哈尔学会参加北京大学和斯坦福大学联合举办的“内战内乱与国际反应”研讨会，发言内容现授权首发。

本文作者成锡忠（右）与美军退役中将、美国前驻阿富汗大使、斯坦福大学教授Karl W Eikenberry（左）合影

内容提要：当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以来最复杂、最深刻的变化，但和平与发展依然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。冷战结束以来，长期受制于美苏对抗的一些国家的民族问题集中爆发，从而造成前苏联和南斯拉夫等国的解体；宗教政治势力的突起，加之外部势力的介入，使民族问题经常突破国家边界，从而影响世界和平。贫穷落后是内战内乱发生的土壤，外部势力的介入是内战内乱发生的催化剂。为有效应对世界各地的内战内乱，必须遵循《联合国宪章》基本原则，必须实现全球的包容性发展，使国际社会日益成为一个“命运共同体”，以“命运共同体”的新视角，寻求人类共同利益和共同价值的新内涵。

Abstract: At present, the international situation is seeing the most complex and profound changes since the end of the Cold War, but peace and development are still the two dominant issues facing the people of all countries in the world. Since the end of the Cold war, the ethnic problems of some countries which had been subject to the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union for a long time have erupted, resulting in the disintegration of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. With the emergence of religious and political forces, coupled with the intervention of external forces, Ethnic problems have often been pushed to break through national boundaries, thus affecting world peace. Poverty and backwardness are the soil of civil wars and intrastate violence, and the intervention of external forces is their catalysts. In order to respond effectively to civil wars and intrastate violence around the world, we should follow the basic principles of the UN Charter and we have to steer the international community towards a "community with a shared future" through inclusive global development. We have to seek new connotations of common interests and common values of mankind in this new perspective of "community with a shared future".

1947年3月12日，美国杜鲁门主义出台，标志着冷战的开始。1955年华沙条约组织成立标志着两极格局的形成。1991年华约解散，之后苏联解体，标志着冷战的结束，同时也标志着两极格局的结束，前后共44年。从此，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国，世界格局变为世界多极化进程中的“一超多强”。

In March 12, 1947, the introduction of Truman Doctrine in the United States marked the beginning of the Cold War. The establishment of the Warsaw Treaty Organization in 1955 marked the formation of the bipolar structure. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War and the end of the bipolar structure, which lasted for 44 years. Since then, the United States has become the only superpower in the world, and the world pattern has become "Only super Power and Multi-great Power" in the process of world multi-polarization.

冷战结束27年来，世界形势出现缓和与紧张、和平与动荡并存的局面。一方面，两大军事集团在欧洲紧张对峙的局面结束；另一方面，两极格局的结束造成国际力量对比失衡，带来一些不确定和不稳定因素。当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以来最复杂、最深刻的变化，但和平与发展依然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。和平是发展的前提，发展是和平的保障，在和平的环境中谋求发展已成为国际社会的共同愿望。

In the past 27 years since the end of the Cold War, there has been a situation combined with relaxation and tension, peace and turbulence in the world. On one hand, the tense confrontation between the two major military blocs in Europe has ended; on the other hand, the end of the bipolar pattern has caused imbalance of international forces, resulting in some uncertainties and instability. At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of the Cold War. But peace and development remain the two dominant issues facing all the peoples of the world. Peace is the prerequisite for development and is guaranteed by development. Seeking development in a peaceful environment has become the common aspiration of the international community.

冷战结束以来，国际大环境的改变，主要体现在国际格局的单极化、世界经济的全球化、宗教极端主义的国际化等方面，由此刺激许多国家和地区内战内乱迅速发展，不仅给国际政治的地缘结构造成冲击，而且使有关国家内部的生态持续发生变革。冷战结束头10年，长期受制于美苏对抗的一些国家的民族问题集中爆发，从而造成前苏联和南斯拉夫等国的解体。进入本世纪后，宗教政治势力的突起，加之外部势力的介入，使民族问题经常突破国家边界，成为影响地区稳定的重大问题。

Since the end of the Cold War, the changes in the international environment have been mainly reflected in the unipolarity of the international system, the globalization of the world economy and the internationalization of religious extremism, stimulating the rapid escalation of civil wars and intrastate violence in many countries and regions, as well as causing the continuous evolution of internal ecology of relevant countries. In the first 10 years after the end of the Cold War, the ethnic problems of some countries which had been subject to the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union for a long time erupted, resulting in the disintegration of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Since the 21st Century, with the emergence of religious and political forces, coupled with the intervention of external forces, ethnic problems have often been pushed to break through national boundaries, thus affecting world peace.

造成内部冲突的主要原因

The Main Causes of Internal Conflicts

一是民族矛盾。在拉美、加勒比、西亚北非地区一些国家，长期受中央政府压迫的民族公开反叛由其他民族控制的中央政府，或与其他民族直接暴力对抗。在南亚和东南亚地区，缅甸内战、印控克什米尔骚乱，以及印度东北部那加、米佐、特里普尔、阿萨姆等地的少数民族叛乱，均处于短期内无望解决的状态。

First, National Contradiction. In some countries in Latin America, the Caribbean Sea, West Asia and North Africa, Nationalities that have long been oppressed by the central government openly rebel against the central government controlled by other ethnic groups, or confront them with direct violence. In South and Southeast Asia, we have seen and are still seeing the civil war in Myanmar, the unrest in Indian-controlled Kashmir, and the ethnic rebellions in Naga, Mizo, Tripur and Assam in the northeastern India. None of these conflicts could come to an end in a short period of time.

二是外部干涉。大国围绕民族问题展开角力，从而加剧了一些国家的内部冲突，例如黑山与塞尔维亚的分手、科索沃单方面宣布独立、车臣问题拖而不决、南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹宣告独立，以有乌克兰局势突变引发的克里米亚问题等。

Second, External Interference. Big powers are wrestling with nationality issues, which intensified internal conflicts in some countries. For example, there are the separation of Montenegro from Serbia, the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo, the protracted resolution of the Chechen issue, and the declaration of independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. And there has also been the issue of Crimea triggered by the sudden change of situation in Ukraine and so on.

三是移民问题。一些西方国家因移民问题引发日益激烈的冲突。穆斯林移民群体的不断壮大，使欧洲本土面临外来移民的大规模抗争。发生在欧洲的法国骚乱、丹麦穆罕默德漫画事件、马德里火车爆炸案、伦敦地铁爆炸案等，反映了穆斯林群体对其在欧洲长期遭受民族和宗教歧视的强烈不满。在美国，频繁发生的枪击事件，反映了社会主体似乎正受到较为强势、抱团的伊斯兰文明和拉美文化的挑战，各种势力向美国核心文化挑战，可能促使美国白人重新拾回人种和民族属性理念，排斥、驱逐或压制其他人种、民族和文化的群体，从而加剧美国国内的族群矛盾和冲突。在西方发达国家，随着民粹主义的爆发以及大规模移民群体追求社会和政治地位的抗争，正产生新的民族矛盾和出现新一轮分裂主义浪潮。

Third, Immigration issue. Some western countries are facing increasingly intense internal conflicts due to immigration problems. The growing number of Muslim immigrants makes the people in European countries facing massive protests from immigrants. French Riots, Jyllands-Posten Muhammad Cartoons Controversy in Denmark, Madrid train bombings, London subway bombings, etc., these events reflect a strong dissatisfaction of Muslim communities for their long suffering from ethnic and religious discrimination in Europe. Besides, frequent shooting incidents in the United States reflect that the main stream of society seems to be challenged by more powerful and uniting Islamic culture and Latin American culture. It may prompt white Americans to pick up again the concepts and recognition of ethnic identity, and reject, expel, or suppress other races, ethnics or cultural groups. This will further aggravate ethnic contradictions and conflicts in the United States. In developed countries, with the outbreak of populism and large migration groups striving for social and political status, new ethnic conflicts and a new wave of separatism are emerging.

四是极端恐怖势力。冷战结束特别是“9·11”事件发生后，世界各地极端主义、分裂主义、恐怖主义活动呈不断蔓延趋势，特别是极端宗教势力与分裂主义势力合流，使许多国家和地区面临跨国恐怖主义的严重威胁。

Fourth, Extremist Terrorism. After the end of the cold war, especially after the "9·11" attacks, extremism, separatism and terrorism have been seen spreading around the world. Especially, the convergence of extremist religious and separatist forces has made many countries and regions face serious threats of transnational terrorism.

如何有效应对内部冲突

How to Effectively Cope with Internal Conflicts

遏制内战内乱，维护世界和平，是摆在我们面前的重大课题。为此，我提出以下几点看法：

It is a dominant task for us to maintain world peace by containing civil war and intrastate disorder. I would like to put forward the following points.

一是摒弃霸权行径。这个地球是属于世界各国的，世界上的事应该各国共同商定，特别是不能以一个国家的国内法来宣布制裁别的国家，来决定其他国家的命运。联合国作为当今国际社会最大的普遍性的政治性的政府间国际组织，几乎包括世界上所有主要国家，《联合国宪章》是已经获得各国普遍接受的国际文献，其基本原则应该得到有效遵循，特别是互相尊重主权和领土完整原则、互不侵犯原则、互不干涉内政原则、平等互利原则、和平共处原则。和平解决国际争端原则是指国家之间在发生纠纷或争端时，应通过和平方法予以解决，任何使用或企图使用武力或武力威胁的办法来解决争端，都是违反国际法的。

One is to abandon hegemony. The globe belongs to all countries in the world. Global affairs should be negotiated and coordinated by all countries. Especially, it is not allowed when one specific country, cites its own domestic laws to announce sanctions against other countries, or to decide the fate of other countries. Agreed by almost all major countries in the world，the UN Charter is an internationally accepted document, whose basic principles should be effectively followed. In particular, there are the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence. The principle of pacific settlement of disputes decrees that, peaceful means should be used regarding the settlement of disputes or disagreements between countries. Any use or attempt to the use of force or threat of force is a violation of international law.

二是停止干涉内政。互不干涉内政是一项国际法原则，依此原则，任何国家或国家集团都无权以任何理由直接或间接地对别国进行干涉，不得以任何借口干涉他国的内政与外交事务，不得以任何手段强迫他国接受别国的意志、社会政治制度和意识形态。冷战结束以来，某些大国凭借自己的实力地位，向一些国家输出意识形态和推动“颜色革命”，以反恐名义在一些国家实施军事打击，向一些国家的反政府武装组织提供军事装备，甚至直接出兵支持一些国家的反政府武装活动，这些都严重违反国际法原则，也是导致一些国家发生内战内乱的主要原因之一。

The second is to Non-interference. Mutual non-interference in internal affairs is a principle of international law. In accordance with this principle, no country or group of countries has the right to interfere directly or indirectly with another state for any reason whatsoever. No excuse may be used to interfere in the internal and foreign affairs of another country, and by no means should one specific country force another country to accept the will, to adopt the social or political systems or ideologies of another country. Since the end of the Cold War, some great powers, by virtue of their own position of power, have exported ideology to some countries and promoted the "color revolution". They have carried out military strikes in some countries under the name of terrorism, provided military weapons to anti-government armed groups in some countries and even directly supported anti-government armed activities in some other countries. These are serious violations of the principles of international law and one of the main causes of civil war and intrastate turmoil in some countries.

我曾读过Chalmers Johnson发表在2007年1月Harper’s Magazine上的一篇文章。文章称，美国外交日益军事化，美国国民经济以军事工业为基础，美国离开战争就难以生存。因此，远的不说，近70年来美国几乎没有停止过海外战争，从朝鲜战争到越南战争，从海湾战争到科索沃战争，从阿富汗战争到伊拉克战争，现在又在叙利亚打仗，不知道下一个目标是哪个国家。美国在世界各地一场接一场的战争所产生的严重后果，我这里就不细述了。

I have once read an article by Chalmers Johnson which published on Harper’s Magazine in January 2007. The article argues that with the increasingly militarized U.S. diplomacy and the increasing dependence of U.S. national economy on military industries, it is difficult for the United States to develop without war. As a result, in the past 70 years, the United States has hardly stopped overseas wars: from the Korean War to the Vietnam War, from the Gulf War to the Kosovo War, from the Afghanistan War to the Iraq War, and now the war in Syria. I don't know which country will be its next target. I will not elaborate here about the serious consequences of the wars fought by the United States around the world.

三是维护国际秩序。近年来，有一股势力在肆意破坏正常国际秩序。主要表现：一是只考虑本国利益，不惜损害他国利益；二是频繁炫耀武力，在国际上挑起事端；三是采取各种措施，遏制世界新兴市场国家的崛起；四是在反恐问题上执行双重标准，试图以“代理人战争”破坏一些国家的社会稳定。这是一个极其危险的信号，可能加剧全球各地的内战内乱。

The third is to maintain international order. There is a force that wantonly destroys the normal international order nowadays. The manifestations include: first, only taking their own interests in consideration at the expense of the interests of other countries; second, frequently showing off military force and provoke incidents in the globe; third, taking various measures to stem the rise of the emerging market countries in the world; fourth, practicing double standards on the issue related with counter-terrorism, trying to destabilize other countries by "agent wars". This is a very dangerous signal that could exacerbate civil war and intrastate unrest in all parts of the world.

在世界上许多国家，贫穷落后是内战内乱发生的土壤。要有效应对世界各地的内战内乱，必须实现全球的包容性发展，因此中国倡导“命运共同体”意识，使国际社会日益成为一个你中有我、我中有你的“命运共同体”，以“命运共同体”的新视角，寻求人类共同利益和共同价值的新内涵。

In many countries of the world, poverty and backwardness are fertile soils of civil wars and intrastate violence. To effectively cope with civil wars and intrastate violence around the world, we must achieve inclusive development worldwide. That is the reason why China is advocating the concept of "community of shared destiny", pushing the international community towards a "community of shared future" in which the futures of peoples are intervened together. We should try to seek new connotation of common interests and common values of mankind from this new perspective of "community of shared future".